This idea comes from: Writing and Presenting in English - The Rosetta Stone of Science
想法源自《科技英文写作与讲演-科学的罗塞塔石碑》
1. Some nice sentences | 零零碎碎
Averaging multiple timepoints may be optimal for precisely quantifying abundances of bacterial taxa and functions within individuals. However, there has not been a quantitative assessment of how much improvement is possible, or of how many samples are needed.
Using our longitudinal dataset, we found that each person harbored a stable and unique microbiome structure, both in terms of taxa and broad functional categories
However, we found that the relative abundance of a given ASV (equivalent to 100% OTUs) and of a given clusters of orthologous groups (COG) category fluctuated substantially from day-to-day, but the median relative abundance remained relatively constant
The number of bacterial genes encoded within the human gut vastly outnumber the total complement of genes in Homo sapiens, endowing the gut microbiome with enormous potential for the production of a range of functionally active metabolites.
The mechanisms linking gut microbiota to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are multifaceted, and include direct effects of microbial metabolites on atherosclerosis and thrombosis development, as well as immune modulation by bacteria and their products.
Across >8,000 measured metabolite features, we identified chemicals and chemical classes that were differentially abundant in IBD, including enrichments for sphingolipids and bile acids, and depletions for triacylglycerols and tetrapyrroles.
Metabolomic and metagenomic profiles were broadly correlated with faecal calprotectin levels (a measure of gut inflammation)
We demonstrate a characteristic increase in facultative anaerobes at the expense of obligate anaerobes，as well as molecular disruptions in microbial transcription (for example, among clostridia), metabolite pools (acylcarnitines, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids), and levels of antibodies in host serum.
Here we present the results, which provide a comprehensive view of functional dysbiosis in the gut microbiome during inflammatory bowel disease activity
Through a number of in vivo and in vitro technologies, Yuan et al. report that high- alcohol-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (HiAlc Kpn) occurs in a large percentage of individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a Chinese cohort.
The underlying etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is believed to be quite varied
Changes in the gut microbiota have been investigated and are believed to contribute to at least some cases of the disease, though a causal relation- ship remains unclear.
Microbial communities associated with animals exert powerful influences on host physiology, regulating metabolism and immune function, as well as complex host behaviors.
The importance of host–microbiome interactions for maintaining homeostasis and promoting health raises evolutionarily complicated questions about how animals and their microbiomes have coevolved and how these relationships affect the ways that animals interact with their environment.
Here, we review the literature on the contributions of host factors to microbial community structure and corresponding influences of microbiomes on emergent host phenotypes.We focus in particular on animal behaviors as a basis for understanding potential roles for the microbiome in shaping host neurobiology
In certain cases, these connections have an experimentally identified biochemical basis, but in others, these relationships are poorly defined.
This is especially true when considering the human microbiome, in which incredible amounts of diversity and complexity are observed, but ethical considerations limit experimental potential.
Here, we show that a plant diet served raw versus cooked reshapes the murine gut microbiome，with effects attributable to improvements in starch digestibility and degradation of plant-derived compounds.
Therefore, whether BCAA are the cause per se, an epiphenomenon of, or indicators of cardio-metabolic disturbance remains the paramount question.
2. Ending | 结尾
Still, together our findings suggest that unique and nonlinear changes of the intestinal ecosystem might exist in Pre-DM individuals before transition to T2D.
Further large-scale, longitudinal follow-up studies are needed to delineate how microbial functions changes from prediabetes to diabetes and to address the nature of interactions be- tween the gut microbiota and the host in the transitional phases leading to overt T2D.
Further investigation is warranted to define the role of these amino acids in atherosclerosis and CVD, which may serve as a basis for the development of anti-atherogenic nutritional and therapeutic approaches.
3. Beginning | 开头
Mucosal immunology research continues its fascination with microbial metabolites. In 2019, researchers uncovered extended functions for microbial metabolites in immunity , deepening our understanding of the regulation and function of metabolite-reactive immune cells, and revealed the receptors by which immune cells can recognize bioactive microbial metabolites
The rise of ancient genomics has revolutionised our understanding of human prehistory but this work depends on the availability of suitable samples.
Intestinal dysbiosis could act as an early environmental modulator and may be a target of future preventive interventions in individuals at risk of RA, before the onset of the disease.
Our results, together with previous studies in patients with early RA and recent mechanistic studies, support the mucosal origins hypothesis and the role of intestinal dysbiosis in the development of RA.
Hundreds of clinical studies have demonstrated associations between the human microbiome and disease, yet fundamental questions remain on how we can generalize this knowledge.
Clinical, genetic and microbiome evidence supports the contention that ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is influenced by interactions between the gut microbiome and the host immune system.
The majority of microbiome studies to date have been conducted via sequencing of the 16S ribosomal marker gene, limiting the scope and accuracy of downstream analytics.
One feature of inflammation-associated gut microbiotas is enrichment of motile bacteria, which can facilitate microbiota encroachment into the mucosa and activate pro-inflammatory gene expression.
Here, we set out to investigate whether elicitation of mucosal anti-flagellin antibodies by direct administration of purified flagellin might serve as a general vaccine against subsequent development of chronic gut inflammation.
4. Verb | 动词
We show, in mice, that repeated injection of flagellin elicits increases in fecal anti-flagellin IgA and alterations in microbiota composition, reduces fecal flagellin concentration, prevents microbiota encroachment, protects against IL-10 deficiency-induced colitis, and ameliorates diet-induced obesity.
Thus, administration of flagellin, and perhaps other pathobiont antigens, may confer some protection against chronic inflammatory diseases.
5. Transition | 过渡
待补充;
6. Structure | 结构
待补充
7. Headline | 标题
The microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies
